Wikimedia commons category oghuz languages english wikipedia has an article on. Beginning around 150 ad, the alphabet was replaced by the uyghur alphabet in the central asia, the arabic script in central and western asia, the greekderived cyrillic in eastern europe and in the balkans, and lastly the latin alphabet in central europe. Turkish glosses in the pahlavioghuz turkish glossary pahlaviamiz. The different turkic languages use a set of related alphabets and letters formerly known as runes. The turkic languages routledge language family series pdf. Turkish, azerbaijani, gagauz in moldova, as well as the dialects of iran. Turkic languages are spoken as a native language by some 170 million. Turkic languages are spoken by some 180 million people as a native language.
The number of their speakers varies from several thousands e. Pdf turkish glosses in the pahlavioghuz turkish glossary. Discoveries on the turkic linguistic map linguistic documentation in the field the topic of the present contribution, dedicated to my dear and admired colleague gunnar jarring, is linguistic f. The ogur languages are characterized by sound correspondences such as oguric r versus common turkic z and oguric l versus common turkic s. The first part covers generalities, providing an introduction to the grammatical traditions, subgrouping and writing systems of this language family. The text is given in transliteration along with an interpretive transcription and a literal translation. The degrees for intelligibility changes from one turkic language to the other, and they also have different accents in their own countries. Oghuzseljuk is indirectly related to orkhonkarakhanid. Pdf 2017 subordination of existence and possessive. Turkish is an altaic language, and more specifically, it is a member of the oghuz branch of the turkic language family along with other central asian turkic languages such as azerbaijani, kazakh and turkmen. Kazan tatar as a dominant language of the volgakama region. Stralenberg suggested that the altaic and uralic finnougric and samoyed languages were related.
Oghuz turks project gutenberg selfpublishing ebooks. Turkic literary languages have emerged in different cultural centres. Feb 22, 2011 finally, turkmen is the real odd man out among the four languages in question, as it is the only one that belongs to the southwestern or southern, or oghuz branch of turkic. The speakers of this language are about 40% of all turkic speakers. Khazar language project gutenberg selfpublishing ebooks. This contribution contains an annotated edition of a sample of a middle azerbaijani transcription text in georgian letters from 1739. The salar language of china seems to be oghuz in origin but during its eastward migration it acquired features from northwestern and southeastern languages. A brief history of turkic languages turkish cultural foundation greetings in turkic languages.
The three languages with the largest number of speakers are turkish, azerbaijani and turkmen, which combined account for more than 95% of speakers according to karakhanid scholar mahmud alkashgari, who lived in 11th century, oghuz language was the simplest among all turkic. The languages that refer to oghuz group were influenced by kipchak, karluk language groups and arabic and persian languages in different. The oghuz, oguz or ghuzz turks were a western turkic people who spoke the oghuz languages from the common branch of turkic language family. East old turkic is the oldest known turkic runiform inscriptions on stone monuments in the orkhon and yenisey valleys in modernday mongolia from the 2nd turkic kaghanate. The turkic language family consists of 39 languages. The turkic languages, together with the mongolian, manchutungus, korean, and japanese languages, belong to the altaic family of languages. Turkic languages article about turkic languages by the free. Bayesian phylolinguistics infers the internal structure and the time.
The turkology update leiden project leiden university less commonly taught languages project u of m, center for advanced research on language acquisition the ugricturkic battle. Oghur, the only surviving member of which is chuvash, and common turkic, which includes all other turkic languages including the oghuz subbranch. The turkic languages examines the modern languages within this wideranging language family and gives an historical overview of their development. Uzbek, the penguin of turkic languages languages of the world. In what ways is turkish different from other turkic languages.
Oguz were western turkic people who spoke the oghuz languages from the common branch of the turkic language family. The latter part of the book focuses on descriptions of the individual languages themselves. Tekin a new classification of the turkic languages 1990. In the 8th century, they formed a tribal confederation conventionally named the oghuz yabgu state in central asia. The turkic languages are a language family of at least 35 documented languages, spoken by the turkic peoples of eurasia from eastern europe, the caucasus, central asia and west asia all the way to north asia particularly in siberia and east asia. The oghuz languages share a number of features that have led linguists to classify them together. Silk road seattle university of washington silk road project hauptstadtinszenierungen in zentralasien in german the middle easternization of central asia pdf file pauline jones luong, 2003. Turkish inner asian and uralic national resource center. Mar 08, 2016 fundamental all languages hungarian terms by etymology terms derived from other languages turkic languages terms in hungarian that originate from turkic languages. Beginning in the 15th century, more distinct literary languages developed, in part as points of departure for modern languages e. Loss of initial h sound shared with all turkic languages but khalaj. Discoveries on the turkic linguistic map turkic languages.
Most speakers of turkic are descendants of the oghuz saljuks. Subjectobjectverb word order is universal within the family. The older ones can be broadly determined as uighur, oghuz, and kipchak or as mixtures of elements from these branches. To what degree are turkic languages mutually intelligible. Lars johanson,eva csato the turkic languages, 1998, s. Turkic languages turkic languages literary languages. The ghuzz or turkmens also known as oguzes a linguistic term designating the western turkic or oghuz languages from the oghur subdivision of turkic language family were a historical turkic tribal confederation conventionally named the oghuz yabgu state in central asia during the early medieval period. Today, a percentage of the residents of turkey, azerbaijan and turkmenistan are descendants of oghuz turks and their language belongs to the oghuz group of the turkic languages family. The oghuz languages, a major branch of the turkic language family, are spoken by more than 150 million people in an area spanning from the balkans to china. The turkic languages originated in a region of east asia spanning western china to mongolia, where proto turkic is thought to have been spoken, from. The southwestern or oghuz branch contains a western subgroup comprising turkish, gagauz, and azerbaijanian azerbaijani, northern and. Recall that the presence of vowel harmony in a language restricts the possible.
Only in few other regions caucasus and southern siberia one can find a nearly comparable diversity of turkic languages as in persia. The turkic languages show close similarities to each other in phonology, morphology, and syntax, though chuvash, khalaj, and sakha differ considerably from the rest. The oghuz languages are a subbranch of the turkic language family, spoken by. Turkish is mutually intelligible with many other turkic languages, especially those belonging to the southwestern oghuz branch of the turkic language family. The oghuz languages are a subbranch of the turkic language family, spoken by approximately 108 million people. Old turkic includes east old turkic, old uyghur, and karakhanid. The turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is turkish proper, or anatolian turkish. The bolgar group the language of the volga bolgar inscriptions. The turkic languages examines the trendy languages inside this in depthranging language family and supplies an historic overview of their enchancment. Internal classification of turkic languages languages of. The turkic languages constitute a language family of at least thirtyfive 1 languages, spoken by turkic peoples across a vast area from eastern europe and the mediterranean to siberia and western china, and are considered to be part of the proposed altaic language family. This category should, ideally, contain only other categories. Fundamental all languages languages by family turkic oghuz articles on this topic in other wikimedia projects can be found at.
Intense uralicturkic contacts led to assimilation to turkic languages. Although turkish is the largest language in terms of number of speakers in the turkic language family, it accounts for only about 35 percent to 40 percent of all speakers of turkic languages. As for the prestige languages of the region, persian was the medium of admi nistration and culture. Although methods of classification vary, the turkic languages are usually considered to be divided equally into two branches. Feb 25, 2011 another decidedly unturkic feature of uzbek is the lack of vowel harmony, which is characteristic of most other turkic languages including the dialects of other ethnic groups subsumed under the term uzbek, such as kipchak uzbek and oghuz uzbek. The oghuz, oguz or ghuzz turks were western turkic people who spoke the oghuz languages from the common branch of the turkic language family. Jun 18, 1998 the turkic languages examines the modern languages within this wideranging language family and gives an historical overview of their development.
Three lower level sub groups of common turkic, that is, kipchak. The first half covers generalities, providing an introduction to the grammatical traditions, subgrouping and writing strategies of this language family. Turkic languages, group of closely related languages that form a subfamily of the altaic languages. The root of a word is basically of one, two or three consonants. An introduction to turkic studies volume 42 of societas uraloaltaica. The turkic languages are a language family of at least thirtyfive documented languages, spoken by the turkic peoples of eurasia from eastern europe, the caucasus, central asia, and west asia all the way to north asia particularly in siberia and east asia including the far east. The three languages with the largest number of speakers are turkish, azerbaijani and turkmen, which combined account for more than 95% of speakers. Recall that the presence of vowel harmony in a language restricts the possible qualities of vowels in a word. The following is a brief comparison of cognates among the basic vocabulary across the turkic language family about 60 words empty cells do not necessarily imply that a particular language is lacking a word to describe the concept, but rather that the word for the concept in that language may be formed from another stem and is not a cognate with the other words in the row or that a loanword. The survey will start with the period of the classical. The ghuzz or turkmen also known as oguzes a linguistic term designating the western turkic or oghuz languages from the oghur subdivision of turkic language family were a historical turkic tribal confederation conventionally named the oghuz yabgu state in central asia during the early medieval period.
Uzbek, the penguin of turkic languages languages of. Some of these features are shared with other turkic languages. Contents turkic languages, volume 21, 2017 editorial note by lars johanson 1 editorial note by lars johanson 15 7 articles martine robbeets. A linguistic and textual analysis, turkic languages, vol. Turkic languages will be presented that give a rough impression of the diversity of inceptive expressions in this language. Turkic languages show some similarities with the mongolic, tungusic. Turkish glosses in the pahlavi oghuz turkish glossary pahlaviamiz. Another decidedly unturkic feature of uzbek is the lack of vowel harmony, which is characteristic of most other turkic languages including the dialects of other ethnic groups subsumed under the term uzbek, such as kipchak uzbek and oghuz uzbek. For example, an azerbaijani can understand istanbul turkish and general turkish easily, but heshe cannot. Turkish studies turkic republics, regions, and peoples. Speakers and geographical distribution chinese turkic languages are spoken primarily in chinese turkestan xinjiang in northwestern china, regions that are contiguous with kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan, the tuvan republic, among other. Istanbul turkish pronunciation is a bit simplified. The turkic languages originated in a region of east asia spanning western china to mongolia, where proto turkic. The southwestern or oghuz branch contains a western group comprising turkish, gagauz, and azerbaijanian and an eastern group comprising turkmen and khorasani turkic.
Turkic languages wikimili, the best wikipedia reader. Turkic languages are nullsubject languages, have vowel harmony, extensive agglutination by means of suffixes and postpositions, and lack of grammatical articles, noun classes, and grammatical gender. List of turkic languages wikimili, the best wikipedia reader. Karakhanid scholar mahmud alkashgari wrote that of all the turkic languages, that of the oghuz was the simplest. Turkic languages simple english wikipedia, the free. The earliest linguistic records are old turkic inscriptions, found near the orhon river in mongolia and the yenisey river valley in. Contents turkic languages, volume 19 editorial note by lars johanson 1 editorial note by lars johanson 149 obituaries igor v.